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Perun

  • What it is:Perun is a blockchain-agnostic state channels framework for scaling blockchains via off-chain transactions, developed as a Hyperledger Labs project.
  • Best for:Blockchain researchers, dApp developers needing L2 scaling, Multi-chain projects
  • Pricing:Free tier available, paid plans from Custom quote
  • Rating:78/100Good
  • Expert's conclusion:Perun is an excellent, flexible, secure framework for technical blockchain teams to use for building their own state channel solutions, however, it does take significant development time and effort to reach production quality.
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Reviewed byMaxim Manylov·Web3 Engineer & Serial Founder

What Is Perun and What Does It Do?

PolyCrypt is the firm that created Perun — an open-source, blockchain-agnostic off-chain solution developed around state channels to provide scalability and interoperability. It was originally developed out of research conducted at the Technical University of Darmstadt and offers real-time payments, complex business logic, and cross-chain capabilities on any blockchain. PolyCrypt works with partners such as Bosch, and its platform is a part of the Hyperledger Labs projects.

Active
📍Darmstadt, Germany
📅Founded 2020
🏢Private
TARGET SEGMENTS
Blockchain DevelopersFinTechGamingEnterprise DLT

What Are Perun's Key Business Metrics?

📊
Ethereum, Polkadot, Dfinity (in integration)
Supported Blockchains
📊
Ethereum Foundation, German government, Polkadot
Funding Sources
📊
Bosch, Hyperledger Labs, Unit Network
Partnerships
📊
Multiple papers since 2018
Research Publications
📊
Production-ready SDK
Development Stage

How Credible and Trustworthy Is Perun?

78/100
Good

While PolyCrypt has a strong research-based focus and many of its components have formal cryptographic proof, much of its work remains in the early stages of development and lacks meaningful data related to commercial adoption.

BREAKDOWN
Product Maturity75/100
Company Stability70/100
Security & Compliance95/100
User Reviews60/100
Transparency85/100
Support Quality75/100
TRUST SIGNALS
Hyperledger Labs projectResearch from TU Darmstadt & University of WarsawPartners: Bosch, Ethereum Foundation, PolkadotFormally verified security protocols

What is the history of Perun and its key milestones?

2016

Research Begins

Research related to state channels began at Technical University of Darmstadt.

2018

First Funding

Receiving an Ethereum Foundation Grant; working with Bosch.

2019

Proof of Concept

Developed the first Proof-of-Concept (PoC) implementations and received initial German government startup funding.

2020

Company Founded

PolyCrypt GmbH was formed; joined Hyperledger Labs as a scaling project.

2021

Cross-Chain Expansion

Integration with Polkadot and Dfinity; focusing on applications.

What Are the Key Features of Perun?

✨
State Channel Virtualization
Composing existing channels together as a single virtual channel for non-direct peers to connect off-chain without the use of an intermediary.
✨
Blockchain Agnostic
A modular design which can be integrated with any blockchain or ledger system including Ethereum, Polkadot, and Dfinity.
✨
Cross-Chain Functionality
Provides a way for users to make payments and run smart contracts across multiple blockchain networks through interoperable state channels.
✨
Real-Time Payments
Instant, low-latency microtransactions are best suited for gaming and high-frequency application use cases.
✨
Smart Contract Execution
Users can run generalized smart contracts off-chain within state channels that are secured by the same blockchain technology used to support those smart contracts.
🔒
Provable Security
All protocols are mathematically proved to be secure, using advanced cryptographic analysis techniques.

What Technology Stack and Infrastructure Does Perun Use?

Infrastructure

Modular with interchangeable networking, persistence, and blockchain connectors

Technologies

GoEthereum Smart ContractsSolidity

Integrations

EthereumPolkadotDfinityHyperledger

Based on official website, Hyperledger Labs repo, and technical presentations

What Are the Best Use Cases for Perun?

Game Developers
Allows for real-time blockchain interaction with essentially zero lag time for users engaged in multi-player gaming by using state channels on top of existing scaling solutions.
FinTech Applications
Supports high frequency microtransactions and payment channels with provable security for financial institutions.
IoT / Mobility Platforms
Supports machine-to-machine microtransactions for energy trading, mobility services, and IoT ecosystems.
Blockchain Integrators
Provides an agnostic Layer 2 (L2) scalable framework that can be integrated into any blockchain to help dApps developers build their applications.
NOT FORHigh-Volume Data Applications
Is not suitable for applications requiring data availability on-chain or a high level of complexity in the consensus mechanism.
NOT FORCentralized High-Performance Systems
Would be overkill for non-decentralized systems that don't need the benefits of blockchain for settlements.

How Much Does Perun Cost and What Plans Are Available?

Pricing information with service tiers, costs, and details
☐Service$CostℹDetails🔗Source
Core Protocol$0Open-source SDK and smart contracts under Hyperledger Labs. Free to use and self-deploy.Hyperledger Labs documentation
Enterprise DeploymentCustom quoteProfessional services for conceptualization, integration, and deployment of state channel solutions.perun.network
Perun Node$0Self-hosted multiuser node software for operating state channels. Ethereum backend included.Hyperledger Labs
Core Protocol$0
Open-source SDK and smart contracts under Hyperledger Labs. Free to use and self-deploy.
Hyperledger Labs documentation
Enterprise DeploymentCustom quote
Professional services for conceptualization, integration, and deployment of state channel solutions.
perun.network
Perun Node$0
Self-hosted multiuser node software for operating state channels. Ethereum backend included.
Hyperledger Labs

How Does Perun Compare to Competitors?

FeaturePerunRaiden NetworkLightning NetworkCounterfactual
Core FunctionalityGeneralized state channelsPayment channels onlyPayment channels onlyGeneralized state channels
Blockchain SupportMulti-chain (smart contract)Ethereum onlyBitcoin onlyEthereum only
Channel VirtualizationYesNoNoPartial
Cross-Chain SupportYesNoNoNo
Security ProofsUC-frameworkLimitedAcademic papersAcademic papers
Starting Price$0 (open source)$0 (open source)$0 (open source)$0 (open source)
Free TierYes (self-hosted)YesYesYes
Enterprise FeaturesConsulting servicesEnterprise support—SDK licensing
API AvailabilityGo SDK + Node APIPython APILimitedJavaScript SDK
Security CertificationsCryptographic proofsAuditsMultiple auditsAudits
Core Functionality
PerunGeneralized state channels
Raiden NetworkPayment channels only
Lightning NetworkPayment channels only
CounterfactualGeneralized state channels
Blockchain Support
PerunMulti-chain (smart contract)
Raiden NetworkEthereum only
Lightning NetworkBitcoin only
CounterfactualEthereum only
Channel Virtualization
PerunYes
Raiden NetworkNo
Lightning NetworkNo
CounterfactualPartial
Cross-Chain Support
PerunYes
Raiden NetworkNo
Lightning NetworkNo
CounterfactualNo
Security Proofs
PerunUC-framework
Raiden NetworkLimited
Lightning NetworkAcademic papers
CounterfactualAcademic papers
Starting Price
Perun$0 (open source)
Raiden Network$0 (open source)
Lightning Network$0 (open source)
Counterfactual$0 (open source)
Free Tier
PerunYes (self-hosted)
Raiden NetworkYes
Lightning NetworkYes
CounterfactualYes
Enterprise Features
PerunConsulting services
Raiden NetworkEnterprise support
Lightning Network—
CounterfactualSDK licensing
API Availability
PerunGo SDK + Node API
Raiden NetworkPython API
Lightning NetworkLimited
CounterfactualJavaScript SDK
Security Certifications
PerunCryptographic proofs
Raiden NetworkAudits
Lightning NetworkMultiple audits
CounterfactualAudits

How Does Perun Compare to Competitors?

vs Raiden Network

Unlike Raiden, which is designed to implement payment channels only, Perun implements a generalized state channels model, both are based on Ethereum but Perun has a design that allows it to be used as a virtualization layer and therefore it could be used in more broad range of scenarios than Raiden.

Raiden for general micro-payments in Ethereum; Perun for more general off-chain applications.

vs Lightning Network

Lightning is excellent at providing very large scale payments using Bitcoin and has a huge network effect, however it does not have generalized state channels or cross-chain support. Perun is intended for smart-contract platforms with larger application use-cases.

Lightning for Bitcoin; Perun for smart-contract platforms.

vs Counterfactual

Counterfactual is focused on developing state channels for dApps running on top of Ethereum and has a full-fledged developer SDK. Perun has implemented the necessary node infrastructure in addition to the SDK and provides additional security proof compared to Counterfactual and also offers the possibility of being used across multiple chains.

Counterfactual for dApp developers; Perun for enterprise/organizations/network-operators.

vs Connext

Connext is focused primarily on enabling cross-chain payments. Perun is focused on enabling cross-chain state channels that are cryptographically guaranteed to work correctly and enables more complex applications to run off-chain.

Connext for cross-chain payments; Perun for general cross-chain computations.

What are the strengths and limitations of Perun?

Pros

  • Blockchain-agnostic; Works on any smart contract platform.
  • Enables virtual channels; Direct P2P after an initial intermediary is set up.
  • The security of Perun's virtual channels is formally verified within the UC-framework.
  • Generalized state channels; Supports arbitrary smart contracts to run off-chain.
  • Scalable; Unlimited through put possible with L2 state channels.
  • Active Hyperledger Labs Project; Community supported and developed.
  • Interoperability; Connects different blockchain networks together.

Cons

  • In early stages of development; Virtual channels are still on the road map.
  • Currently only implemented as main Ethereum implementation; Other chain backends are planned to follow.
  • The complex setup of Perun requires both an operating node and the deployment of a smart contract.
  • There is limited use of Perun, due to its lack of larger-scale network effects compared to Raiden and/or Lightning.
  • Perun is developer-oriented; it requires developers with some degree of technical knowledge to be able to deploy it.
  • As Perun does not have a hosted service, users will need to self-host their own perun-node infrastructure.
  • There are documentation gaps in the literature for Perun which make this technology more difficult to research versus more enterprise-based tutorials for other similar technologies.

Who Is Perun Best For?

Best For

  • Blockchain researchers — Perun has been developed using academic-grade security proofs and protocol research foundations.
  • dApp developers needing L2 scaling — Generalized state channels can be used for arbitrary smart contract logic as well as traditional payment channel functionality.
  • Multi-chain projects — Perun is designed to be blockchain-agnostic, so it allows for cross-chain applications.
  • High-throughput DeFi protocols — Perun’s virtual channels allow for massive off-chain transaction volumes.
  • Privacy-focused applications — Off-chain execution of transactions means that the details of those transactions are kept private.

Not Suitable For

  • Non-technical users — Developers who wish to utilize Perun need to have experience in blockchain development; therefore, they should consider using hosted Layer 2 (L2) solutions.
  • Simple payment apps — Compared to mature solutions such as Raiden or Lightning, Perun is overly complex.
  • Production without engineering resources — In order to utilize Perun, developers must host their own infrastructure. Therefore, they may want to consider using a managed Layer 2 solution.
  • Bitcoin-only projects — Perun is a state channels framework designed specifically for smart contract platforms and not for the UTXO model.

Are There Usage Limits or Geographic Restrictions for Perun?

Deployment Model
Self-hosted only - no SaaS offering
Supported Blockchains
Ethereum primary; other smart contract chains planned
Channel Participants
2-party direct channels; virtual via intermediaries
Virtual Channels
Roadmap feature - not in current release
Cross-Chain Channels
Planned roadmap feature
Node Requirements
Must run perun-node with Go runtime
Smart Contract Deployment
Requires deploying perun-eth-contracts per chain
Offline Capability
Requires online node for channel operations
Geographic Availability
Open source - no geographic restrictions

Is Perun Secure and Compliant?

UC-Framework Security ProofsCryptographic protocols formally verified using Universal Composability framework.
State Channel SoundnessGuaranteed on-chain enforcement of off-chain state updates via smart contracts.
Virtual Channel SecurityDirect P2P transactions post-virtualization with cryptographic guarantees.
Smart Contract Auditsperun-eth-contracts for deposits, disputes, settlements, withdrawals.
Academic Peer ReviewPublished research from TUDa, University of Warsaw, presented at Devcon.
Hyperledger Labs OversightHosted under Linux Foundation Decentralized Trust Labs governance.
Modular Cryptographic DesignInterchangeable components enable crypto-agility and security updates.

What Customer Support Options Does Perun Offer?

Channels
Primary support channel for developers and userscontact@perun.network for commercial inquiriesDiscussions via LF Decentralized Trust Labs forums
Hours
Community support during business hours
Response Time
GitHub issues: days to weeks depending on complexity and maintainer availability
Specialized
Protocol security and blockchain integration expertise
Support Limitations
•No 24/7 live support - community and GitHub driven
•No phone or dedicated account manager support
•Commercial support requires custom contract

What APIs and Integrations Does Perun Support?

API Type
gRPC-based APIs via perun-node
SDKs
go-perun (Go SDK) - core protocol implementation
Authentication
Cryptographic keypairs, Ethereum account signatures
Documentation
Comprehensive protocol docs in Hyperledger Labs repo, academic papers
Blockchain Backends
Ethereum (perun-eth-contracts), blockchain-agnostic design
Node Interface
perun-node provides API for channel management, payments
Use Cases
Off-chain payments, state channels, virtual channels, cross-chain transfers
Rate Limits
No artificial limits - constrained by blockchain gas and node capacity
Webhooks
Not available - event-driven via node monitoring

What Are Common Questions About Perun?

Perun is a blockchain-agnostic state channels framework that allows for fast, low-cost, off-chain transactions while maintaining blockchain security. Perun supports both payment channels and general state channels across many blockchain networks.

Perun uses Layer 2 state channels to execute transactions off-chain between parties. A channel is created when parties lock funds on-chain and then updated directly between participants without any blockchain interactions until final settlement.

Perun supports general state channels (and not just payments) and works across different blockchains and utilizes virtual channels eliminating the need for continuous intermediary participation post-channel establishment. Perun also maintains better privacy and offers greater cross-chain abilities than other state channels frameworks.

Yes, the Perun protocols have been formally proven to be secure in the UC-framework. They have been formally analyzed using state-of-the-art cryptographic research techniques.

Currently Ethereum via perun-eth-contracts which is designed for ease of extension to other smart contract platforms (e.g., Polkadot), and has cross-chain functionality through virtual channels.

Use the go-perun Go SDK and perun-node. The Hyperledger Labs repository has documentation, smart contracts, and the CLI interface to check. All of the Ethereum payment channels have been implemented.

Users can communicate with one another virtually via virtual channels, even though they may not have a direct channel (i.e., by using an intermediate off-chain). Once a user establishes communication with another user, the two users will then be able to communicate directly with each other, without the need for the intermediate to get involved.

For business, Perun offers commercial off-chain solutions and deployment support. Contact Perun at perun.network to inquire about enterprise services including conceptualization to production.

Is Perun Worth It?

Perun provides commercially viable off-chain state channel technology with the added capability of cross-channel virtual channels which allows for low-intermediary participation in transactions. Because it is a Hyperledger Labs project, it is heavily supported by academia/ research but is primarily focused on the developer community without providing a high degree of polish to its commercial toolset. Therefore, it is best suited for the technical teams who are looking to build their own custom layer 2 solutions.

Recommended For

  • Blockchain developers looking to implement state channel primitives
  • Projects looking to implement cross-chain payment channels
  • Researchers/academia looking into L2 protocols
  • Enterprises who want to build their own custom off-chain infrastructure

!
Use With Caution

  • Teams looking for plug-and-play payment solutions
  • Products which require extensive documentation/UI
  • Businesses/companies that do not have blockchain expertise but would like to utilize blockchain-based applications
  • High frequency trading - Still developing

Not Recommended For

  • Non-technical businesses looking for ready to use payments
  • Projects with very short timelines for deploying their product
  • Teams who do not have the ability to develop in Go or Ethereum
  • Applications requiring polished user experience
Expert's Conclusion

Perun is an excellent, flexible, secure framework for technical blockchain teams to use for building their own state channel solutions, however, it does take significant development time and effort to reach production quality.

Best For
Blockchain developers looking to implement state channel primitivesProjects looking to implement cross-chain payment channelsResearchers/academia looking into L2 protocols

What do expert reviews and research say about Perun?

Key Findings

Perun is an open-source state channels framework that is maintained at Hyperledger Labs and has production-ready Ethereum payment channels, virtual channel technology, and blockchain-agnostic design. Formal cryptographic security has been proven and there are implementations in Go as well as SDK, Node, and Smart Contracts. It is primarily focused toward developers, however commercial service options do exist though no SaaS option exists currently.

Data Quality

Good - comprehensive technical documentation from Hyperledger Labs, academic papers, and official site. Limited commercial details and user reviews available as open-source protocol project.

Risk Factors

!
Community supported open-source project and therefore dependent upon community maintainer support.
!
Limited blockchain backends (primarily Ethereum).
!
Virtual Channel Roadmap - Not all have been completed.
!
The user will require considerable expertise related to developing blockchain applications.
Last updated: January 2026

What Are the Best Alternatives to Perun?

  • •
    Raiden Network: Ethereum payment channel network that implements payment channels and pathfinding. More centered on payments rather than general state channels. Ideal for Ethereum native payment solutions. (raiden.network)
  • •
    Connext: Interoperable protocol across blockchains that utilizes both state channels and liquidity networks. More production-ready with commercial development actively occurring. Ideal for cross-chain bridging and transferring funds. (connext.network)
  • •
    Counterfactual: State channel framework for Ethereum dApps utilizing Nexus Mutual. Session keys provide easier developer integration. Ideal for creating stateful dApps that utilize channels. (counterfactual.com)
  • •
    Lightning Network: Payment channel network for Bitcoin with large network effects. Payments are limited and only compatible with Bitcoin. Ideal for high volume BTC microtransactions. (lightning.network)
  • •
    State Channels (general): Implementing custom state channels through Ethereum's create2 and minimal proxy mechanisms. Greatest level of customization possible but requires the greatest amount of development effort. Ideal for developing highly customized L2 applications.

What Additional Information Is Available for Perun?

Hyperledger Labs

Hosted under LF Decentralized Trust Labs (Hyperledger), this ensures that Perun is developed and governed by a neutral entity and that it can continue to be developed by the community. There are plans for the roadmap of Perun to include the implementation of virtual channels, SSI integration, and other blockchain backends.

Academic Foundation

Perun was developed by researchers in the field of cryptography from TU Darmstadt and the University of Warsaw. The key research paper were published on eprint.iacr.org (2017/635, 2018/320) which contains the formal UC-security proofs.

Technical Components

The three main repositories are: go-perun (SDK), perun-eth-contracts (Ethereum smart contracts) & perun-node (Multi user Node that includes CLI / API). Provides a fully implemented state channel life cycle.

Devcon Presentation

Featured at Devcon 4 (2018) presenting virtual payment/state channel networks. Additional academic presentations including SlidesLive on protocol design.

Commercial Services

Perun provides enterprise services from conceptualization to delivery of custom off chain solutions for FinTech, Mobility, Energy, Microtransactions etc.

Roadmap

Current: Payment Channels completed for Ethereum. Planned: Production of Virtual Channels, SSI with Hyperledger Aries, other blockchain backends, Cross Chain Channels.

What Core Channel Features Does Perun Offer?

Two-Party Payment Channels

Implemented using go-perun SDK and perun-eth-contracts for Ethereum; a basis for payment channels that include full concurrency.

General State Updates

Fully generalised state channels that can execute arbitrary smart contracts off-chain; extends payment functionality to complex dApps

Multi-Party Channels

Enabled by Channel Virtualisation and Network Topology; possible to have complex networks with many intermediate nodes.

Virtual Channels

Core Perun Innovation: Compose existing channels to provide end-to-end direct virtual channels without intermediary nodes.

Unilateral Exit

Security Model for State Channels as standard with Dispute Resolution Mechanisms; mathematically proved within the UC framework.

Multi-Asset Transfers

Blockchain Agnostic Design allows for native currencies across all supported blockchains; Extensible using Smart Contract Logic.

Conditional State Updates

Arbitrary computation is enabled by Generalised State Channels for example oracle dependent logic Off-Chain

Channel Netting

Virtual Channel Networks enables Netting Across Intermediary Nodes; Reduces Complexity of Settlements

What Is Perun's Blockchain Integration Specs?

Base Layer Support
Ethereum + any Turing-complete blockchain
On-Chain Transactions Required
2-3 transactions per channel lifecycle
Smart Contract Type
Interconnected multisig + state validation contracts
Finality Requirements
Chain-specific finality + dispute window
Settlement Confirmation Time
Chain block time + configurable dispute window
Cross-Chain Support
Virtual channels enable interoperability

What Is Perun's Security And Dispute Resolution Status?

Dispute Window MechanismCryptographically secure dispute resolution with configurable windows; contract enforces most recent valid state
Cryptographic State CommitmentsAll state updates signed with participant keys; UC-framework security proofs prevent replay and fraud attacks
Penalty Slashingperun-eth-contracts enforce fraud penalties; mathematically proven incentive compatibility
Unilateral Close ProtectionSingle participant can safely close via latest signed state; protects against unresponsive counterparties
State Validity VerificationSmart contracts re-execute and validate state transitions; prevents invalid mathematical states
Off-Chain Message Integritygo-perun SDK enforces end-to-end encryption and signature verification for all messaging
Multi-Signature RequirementsRequires unanimous cryptographic consent for state changes; fundamental to protocol security
Channel IsolationIndependent key material and deposits per channel; failure isolation mathematically guaranteed

How Does Perun's Primary Use Case Matrix Compare?

Use CaseTransaction FrequencyParticipant ModelState Update TypeSuitabilityRationale
Streaming MicropaymentsThousands per secondPayer-payee + virtual routingBalance incrementsOptimalPerun virtual channels enable direct streaming payments at zero marginal cost after setup
Turn-Based GamingSeconds per moveMulti-player via virtualizationGame state transitionsOptimalGeneralized state channels execute complex game logic off-chain with blockchain enforcement
High-Frequency TradingMillions per dayInstitutions via intermediariesOrder matching & settlementOptimalCross-chain virtual channels with formal security proofs for financial applications
Cross-Chain DeFi ProtocolsVariable frequencyMulti-chain participantsCross-chain state syncOptimalUnique Perun capability: blockchain-agnostic virtual channels span chain boundaries
Decentralized Exchange (DEX)High volume matchingNetwork of market makersOrder book & executionGoodVirtual payment channels reduce settlement costs; complex matching requires additional logic
IoT MicrotransactionsContinuous low-valueDevice networksUsage meteringOptimalEnergy-efficient off-chain updates; scales to millions of concurrent micropayments

What Is Perun's Network Topology And Routing?

Direct Channels - Implementation
Two-party state channels via go-perun SDK; Ethereum smart contracts manage lifecycle
Direct Channels - Tradeoffs
Maximum security and simplicity; limited connectivity requires pre-existing relationships
Virtual Channels - Implementation
Core Perun innovation: composes intermediary channels for direct end-to-end connectivity
Virtual Channels - Tradeoffs
Eliminates ongoing intermediary involvement after setup; complex opening protocol but superior scalability
Route Finding - Implementation
perun-node networking layer discovers paths through state channel network
Route Finding - Tradeoffs
Multi-hop discovery enables network effects; formal concurrency guarantees prevent race conditions
Channel Netting - Implementation
Virtual channels automatically net obligations across intermediaries
Channel Netting - Tradeoffs
Reduces capital requirements; requires atomic multi-channel coordination protocols
Peer Discovery - Implementation
perun-node provides off-chain networking and identity management
Peer Discovery - Tradeoffs
Modular networking stack enables interoperability; P2P discovery vs centralized directories
Cross-Chain Routing - Implementation
Blockchain-agnostic SDK routes payments across heterogeneous chains
Cross-Chain Routing - Tradeoffs
Unique interoperability advantage; requires chain-specific adapters and finality coordination

What Is Perun's Participant Protection Mechanisms Status?

Multisignature Fund Lockupperun-eth-contracts require cryptographic multisig for all fund movements; prevents unilateral theft
Unilateral Exit Rightgo-perun implements safe unilateral closure with dispute protection; counterparty cannot block exit
State Finality GuaranteeUC-framework proofs ensure no valid state can be reversed; settlement mathematically determined
Cryptographic Proof of State ValidityAll state updates carry participant signatures verifiable on-chain; transit attacks prevented
Timeout-Based Dispute ResolutionConfigurable challenge periods with automatic enforcement; proven incentive-compatible
Bounded Capital LockupMaximum lockup equals dispute window duration; no indefinite fund entrapment possible
Slashing PenaltiesSmart contracts automatically slash fraudsters; severity determined by protocol parameters
Channel IsolationIndependent deposits and keys per channel; compromise contained to single counterparty relationship

How Does Perun's Asset Type Support And Extensibility Compare?

Asset TypeSupport LevelChannel ImplementationLimitations & Notes
Native Currency (ETH)NativeDirect deposit to perun-eth-contracts; balance tracked in channel statePrimary Ethereum implementation; optimal performance
ERC-20 TokensNativeToken approve + transfer to multisig contracts; generalized state supports arbitrary ERC20Full support via generalized channels; handles rebasing/fee tokens via custom validation
Cross-Chain AssetsNativeVirtual channels span blockchain boundaries; go-perun blockchain adapters handle settlementUnique Perun capability; requires chain-specific finality coordination
Arbitrary Application StateNativeGeneralized state channels execute custom smart contract logic off-chainCore differentiator: supports complex dApps beyond simple asset transfers
Stablecoins (USDC, DAI)NativeTreated as generalized ERC-20 tokens; full state channel supportReduces volatility risk in payment channels

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